Page 183 - Demo

www.gyaniversity.com176Managerial Processes-IIExpert Power: Arises from possessing specialized knowledge or skills. People are influenced by someone they believe is an expert, and they tend to follow their advice and decisions.Referent Power: Stems from personal traits and the relationships that a leader builds with others. It is based on admiration and respect, which makes people want to emulate the leader.Write short notes on Contingency theories of leadership.Exam Prediction: 79%Source: Internal IGNOU & Study Centre PapersContingency theories of leadership propose that there is no single best style of leadership; rather, the effectiveness of a leader depends on how well their leadership style fits the specific situation. These theories emphasize that the interaction between a leader%u2019s behavior and the circumstances in which they work determines their success.One of the well-known models is Fiedler%u2019s Contingency Theory, which suggests that leaders are either task-oriented or relationship-oriented. The model states that their effectiveness is a function of how well these styles match the situation%u2019s factors such as leader-member relations, task structure, and the leader%u2019s position power.Another example is the Situational Leadership Theory by Hersey and Blanchard. This theory highlights that leaders should adjust their styleranging from directing to delegatingbased on the readiness and competence of their followers.Write short notes on Group Formation.Exam Prediction: 70%Source: Internal IGNOU & Study Centre PapersGroup formation is the process by which individuals come together to create an organized unit with a shared purpose or goal. It typically involves several stages:Forming: This is the initial stage where individuals meet and become acquainted. They often show polite behavior as they explore each other%u2019s backgrounds, skills, and expectations.Storming: As members start working together, differences in opinions and conflicts may arise. During this stage, roles, responsibilities, and leadership are often challenged and redefined.Norming: Here, the group begins to develop a set of norms, mutual respect, and cohesion. Members agree on rules, standards, and ways of working, which help smooth out earlier conflicts.